BASICS, SOURCES OF WATER, WATER DEMAND
Raw Water Source The various sources of water can be classified into two categories: 1. Surface sources, such as a. Ponds and lakes; b. Streams and rivers; c. Storage reservoirs; and d. Oceans, generally not used for water supplies, at present. 2. Sub-surface sources or underground sources, such as a. Springs; b. Infiltration wells ; and c. Wells and Tube-wells. Water Quantity Estimation The quantity of water required for municipal uses for which the water supply scheme has to be designed requires following data: 1. Water consumption rate (Per Capita Demand in litres per day per head) 2. Population to be served. Quantity= Per capita demand x Population Water Consumption Rate Domestic Consumption : 135 lpcd ( 200 if full flush system ) industrial demand : 70 lpcd public demand : 10 lpcd losses & thefts : 55 lpcd Offices , Schools : 45 - 90 lpcd Residential, Hospital : 180 lpcd Restorants, Railways : 70 lpcd Fire Fighting Demand: The per capita fire demand is very less on an ave...